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{{other places}}
{{redirect|Astarabad}}
{{Infobox settlement
  |official_name          = Gorgan
  |native_name            = {{lang|fa|گرگان}}
  |motto                  =
  | image_skyline         =Gorgan tower.jpg
  |imagesize              = 200px
  |image_caption          = Basij Tower
  |image_flag             =
  |image_seal             =
  |image_map              =
  |mapsize                =
  |map_caption            =
  |pushpin_map            = Iran <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->
  |pushpin_label_position = bottom <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
  |pushpin_map_caption    =
  |pushpin_mapsize        =
  |subdivision_type       = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
|subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Golestan Province|Golestan]]
|subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Gorgan County|Gorgan]]
|subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]]
|subdivision_name3 =[[Central District (Gorgan County)|Central]]
  |established_title      =
  |established_date       =
  |area_magnitude         =
  |area_total_km2         = 1700
  |area_total_sq_mi       = 656
|area_footnotes           ={{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
  |area_land_km2          =
  |area_land_sq_mi        =
  |area_water_km2         =
  |area_water_sq_mi       =
  |area_water_percent     =
  |area_urban_km2         =
  |area_urban_sq_mi       =
  |area_metro_km2         =
  |area_metro_sq_mi       =
  |population_as_of       = 2011
  |population_note        =
  |population_total       = 329536<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Iran-MajorCities.html|title=Iran: Major Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|publisher=}}</ref>
  |population_metro       =
  |population_urban       =
  |population_density_km2   = auto
  |population_density_sq_mi = auto
  |timezone               = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
  |utc_offset             = +03:30
|timezone_DST           = [[Iran Standard Time|IDST]]
|utc_offset_DST         = +04:30
  |coordinates            = {{coord|36|50|19|N|54|26|05|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}
  |elevation_m            = 1350
  |elevation_ft           =
  |footnotes              = {{GEOnet2|32FA880A453D3774E0440003BA962ED3}}
}}

'''Gorgan''' {{pronunciation|Gorgan.ogg}} ({{lang-fa|گرگان}};<ref>Also [[Romanization of Persian|Romanize]]d as ''Gorgān'', ''Gurgān'', and ''Gurgan''. {{IPA-fa|goɾˈgɒn}}</ref> formerly '''Astrabad''' or '''Astarabad''' ({{lang|fa|استرآباد}})<ref>Also [[Romanization of Persian|Romanize]]d as ''Astarābād'', ''Asterabad'', and ''Esterabad''. {{IPA-fa|ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd}}</ref><ref>{{GEOnet3|-3064853}}</ref> is the capital of [[Golestan Province]], [[Iran]]. It lies approximately {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on×}} to the north east of [[Tehran]], some {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the [[Caspian Sea]]. In the 2006 census; its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.<ref>{{IranCensus2006|27}}</ref>

==Name==
The [[Persian language|Modern Persian]] word ''Gorgān'' ({{lang|fa|[[wikt:گرگان|گرگان]]}}) is derived from [[Middle Persian]] ''Gurgān'' ({{lang|pal|[[wikt:𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭|𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭]]}}), itself from [[Old Persian]] ''Varkāna'' ({{lang|peo|[[wikt:𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴|𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴]]}}), the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[satrapy]] southeast of [[Caspian Sea]] (encompassed all of the present day Golestan Province, as well as some eastern parts of the [[Mazandaran]] province, and some southern parts of the modern-day [[Turkmenistan]]), which is reflected in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] sources as ''[[Hyrcania]]'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:Ὑρκανία|Ὑρκανία]]}}), ''Hyrcani'' or ''Hyrcana''. The region is also mentioned in [[Avesta]] as ''Vəhrkāna'' ({{lang|ae|[[wikt:𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀|𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀]]}}). The name is derived from the [[Proto-Iranian]] word *vrka-, meaning "wolf".

In [[post-Islamic Persia]] the city was known as ''Jurjān'' ({{lang|fa|جرجان}}), the [[Arabic language|Arabized]] form of the Persian word.

The [[Caspian languages|Caspian]] form of the name is ''Wergen''.

In modern times and until 1937, the city used to be known as ''Astarābād'' or ''Estarābād'' ({{lang|fa|استرآباد}}), which also can be read as ''Ester-ābād'' ("City of Esther"), based on which some has theorized that it refers to [[Esther]], wife of the Persian King [[Xerxes I]].

==History==
{{Main|Hyrcania}}
There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including [[Tureng Tepe]] and [[Shah Tepe]], in which there are remains dating to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras.
[[File:علایم بتونی دیوار تاریخی گرگان که زیر خاک مدفون شده است.jpg|thumb|left|Historic wall of Gorgan signs]]
According to the Greek historian [[Arrian]], Zadracarta was the largest city of [[Hyrcania]] and site of the "royal palace".<ref>{{cite book |last=[[Arrian]] |first= |date=1884 |title=[[s:The Anabasis of Alexander|The Anabasis of Alexander]] |location=London |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |chapter=[[s:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book III/Chapter XXV|Chapter XXV: March to Bactra.—Bessus Aided by Satibaezanes.]]|page=[[s:The Anabasis of Alexander/Book III/Chapter XXV#191|191–193]]|volume=3 |others=Translated by E.J. Chinnock}}</ref> The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-v|title=GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=|last=electricpulp.com|publisher=}}</ref>

Hyrcania became part of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] during the reign of [[Cyrus the Great]] (559-530 BC), its founder, or his successor [[Cambyses]] (530-522 BC).

The [[Great Wall of Gorgan]], the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sassanian Empire|Sassanian]] periods.

At the time of the [[Sassanids]], "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.<ref name="Iranica-Bivar">Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan" [[Encyclopædia Iranica]] [http://www.iranicaonline.org online]</ref>

Gurgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by [[Muslim conquest of Persia|the invading Arab Muslims]] in 8th century.

In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army of [[Kingdom of Georgia]] under command of the brothers [[Mkhargrdzeli]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Yar-Shater |first=Ehsan |date=2010 |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8 |url=https://books.google.ge/books?id=1kQOAQAAMAAJ |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |page=892 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brosset |first=Marie-Felicite |date=1858 |title=Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle |url= |location=France |publisher=imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des sciences |page=468-472 |isbn=}}</ref>

The "Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the [[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran|Mongol invasion]] in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".

Gurgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered as part of the [[Parthia]] (the [[Greater Khorasan]]) or the [[Tabaristan]] regions.

Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the [[Qajar dynasty]].

==Geography and climate==

The wide [[Dasht Gorgan (disambiguation)|Dasht-e Gorgan]] (Plains of Gorgan) are located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about {{convert|1700|km2|sqmi|}}.

Some {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of Gorgan is the [[Golestan National Park]], home to a big portion of the [[fauna of Iran]].

According to [[Köppen climate classification]], Gorgan has a ''Cfa'' [[humid subtropical climate]]. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate." The effective factors behind such a climate are: [[Alborz]] mountain range, direction of the mountains, height of the area, neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is {{convert|17.7|°C|°F}} and the annual rainfall is {{convert|601|mm}}.

<div style="width:86%;">
{{Weather box
|location = Gorgan
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 29
|Feb record high C = 32.4
|Mar record high C = 35
|Apr record high C = 39
|May record high C = 43
|Jun record high C = 45
|Jul record high C = 44
|Aug record high C = 44
|Sep record high C = 41.6
|Oct record high C = 39
|Nov record high C = 36
|Dec record high C = 29.2
|Jan high C = 12.4
|Feb high C = 13.1
|Mar high C = 15.3
|Apr high C = 21.2
|May high C = 26.9
|Jun high C = 30.9
|Jul high C = 32.6
|Aug high C = 32.7
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 24.8
|Nov high C = 18.8
|Dec high C = 14.3
|Jan low C = 3.4
|Feb low C = 3.8
|Mar low C = 6.1
|Apr low C = 10.7
|May low C = 15.5
|Jun low C = 19.9
|Jul low C = 22.8
|Aug low C = 22.9
|Sep low C = 19.6
|Oct low C = 13.9
|Nov low C = 8.9
|Dec low C = 5.2
|Jan record low C = &minus;10
|Feb record low C = &minus;6
|Mar record low C = &minus;3.2
|Apr record low C = 0
|May record low C = 2.8
|Jun record low C = 10
|Jul record low C = 15
|Aug record low C = 13
|Sep record low C = 9
|Oct record low C = 3
|Nov record low C = &minus;2
|Dec record low C = &minus;7
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 55.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 55.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 79.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.8
|May precipitation mm = 44.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 33.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 22.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 27.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 38.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 68.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 57.5
|Jan precipitation days = 7.4
|Feb precipitation days = 8.0
|Mar precipitation days = 10.5
|Apr precipitation days = 8.0
|May precipitation days = 6.1
|Jun precipitation days = 4.2
|Jul precipitation days = 3.7
|Aug precipitation days = 4.2
|Sep precipitation days = 5.2
|Oct precipitation days = 5.7
|Nov precipitation days = 6.7
|Dec precipitation days = 6.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan humidity = 73
|Feb humidity = 73
|Mar humidity = 74
|Apr humidity = 72
|May humidity = 67
|Jun humidity = 64
|Jul humidity = 65
|Aug humidity = 68
|Sep humidity = 69
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 73
|Dec humidity = 74
|Jan sun = 135.3
|Feb sun = 128.1
|Mar sun = 132.3
|Apr sun = 164.6
|May sun = 207.6
|Jun sun = 220.4
|Jul sun = 221.9
|Aug sun = 220.5
|Sep sun = 196.3
|Oct sun = 196.4
|Nov sun = 151.1
|Dec sun = 132.8
|source 1 = [http://irimo.ir/english/monthly&annual/admin2.asp?CODE=55 Synoptic Stations Statistics]
|date=November 2011
}}
</div>

==Demographics==
The population of the city has been 329,536 as of 2011.

Majority of people of Gorgan speak [[Persian language|Persian]]. A big portion of the city are migrants from nearby regions, including [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]], [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azeris]], people from [[Semnan Province|Semnan]] and [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] provinces, as well as some [[Iranian Turkmen|Turkmens]], and [[Iranian Kazakhs|a small population of Kazakhs]].

[[Gorgani dialect|Gorgani]], a dialect of [[Mazanderani language]], was formerly spoken in the city, but it is extinct now, and only several of its words have remained in the accent of the Persian-speakers of the city.

===Notable people===
{{See also|List of people from Gorgan}}

====Historical figures====
[[File:Asaad-karkani.jpg|thumb|150px|Bust of [[Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani]]]]
[[Image:Astarabadi and Nader.JPG|thumbnail|right|Picture showing [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]] in pink clothes and Nader Shah Afshar on horseback.]]  
* [[House of Karen]], an aristocratic feudal family first attested in the Arsacid era, belonged to the region of Hyrcania.
* [[Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani]], Persian poet and the composer of ''[[Vis and Ramin]]''.
* [[Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani]], 9th century astronomer and mathematician
* [[Al-Masihi]], 10th century physician and teacher of [[Avicenna]]
* [[Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī]], 11th century grammarian and literary theorist
* [[Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani]], 12th century royal physician
* [[Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)]], 14th century mystic and founder of [[Hurufism]]
* [[Rustam Gorgani]], 16th century physician
* [[Mir Fendereski]],  philosopher, poet and mysti
* [[Mir Damad]], 17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopher
* [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]], 18th century chief minister to [[Nader Shah]]
* [[Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi]], a notable writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures of the women's movement of Iran
* [[Firishta]], historian
* [[Sardar Rafie Yanehsari]], Governor of Astarabad

====Contemporary figures====
[[File:Mohammad reza Lotfi-Young2.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Mohammad Reza Lotfi]]]]
*[[Mohammad Reza Lotfi]], Traditional Persian musician
*[[Nader Ebrahimi]], author, poet, director, and researcher
*[[Maryam Zandi]], photographer

==Culture and art==
Gorgan (as well as the whole Golestan province) has a world-famous carpet and rug industry, the [[Turkmen rug]], made by [[Turkmen people]]. The patterns of these carpets are derived from the ancient Persian city of [[Bukhara]], which is now in modern-day [[Uzbekistan]].

<gallery>
File:Gorgan chinaware tabriz museum.jpg|Ceramic bowl from the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] period
File:Ceramic compound vessel- 12-13th century - Gorgan - inventory number 83 - Abgineh Museum of Tehran.JPG|Ceramic compound vessel, 12-13th century, Gorgan,Abgineh Museum of Tehran
File:Fpgorgan.jpg|[[Farah Pahlavi]] visiting [[Turkmen rug]]s in Gorgan
File:Baqeri06.jpg|[[Baqeri House]] ([[:fa:خانه باقری (گرگان)|fa]]), a traditional house built in Pahlavi era
</gallery>

==Entertainment locations==
* [[Nahar Khoran]] Forest ({{lang|fa|ناهارخوران}})
* Alangdare Forest ({{lang|fa|النگدره}})
* [[Ziarat Village]] ({{lang|fa|روستای زیارت}})
* Hezarpich Hill ({{lang|fa|هزارپیچ}})
* Emadiyyeh School
* Sorkhankalateh Hill ({{lang|fa|سرخنکلاته}})
* Ismail Shirine Sorkhankalateh
* Qajar era underground bathroom, Sorkhankalateh

<gallery>
File:Naharkhoran2.JPG|[[Nahar Khoran]] Forest
File:نهارخوران گرگان.JPG|Alangdarreh Forest
File:Ziyarat Gorgan.jpg|[[Ziarat Village]]
File:آبشار زیارت گرگان.jpg|Ziarat Waterfall, Ziarat Village
</gallery>

;Cinemas
Capri Cinema ({{lang|fa|کاپری}}), Bahman Cinema ({{lang|fa|سینما بهمن}}), and Asr-e Jadid Cinema ({{lang|fa|سینما غصر جدید}}), formerly called Moulin-Rouge Cinema ({{lang|fa|سینما مولن‌روژ}}), are among the oldest cinemas in Gorgan.

==Education==
[[File:Mirdamad102.jpg|thumb|Mirdamad Cultural Institute (MCI)]]

*[[Islamic Azad University of Gorgan]]
*Golestan University of Medical Sciences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goums.ac.ir/ |title=Golestan University of Medical Sciences- دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان - Golestan University of Medical Sciences - دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان |publisher=GOUMS |date= |accessdate=2013-01-26}}</ref>
*[[Gorgan University|Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources]]
*Mirdamad Institute of Higher Education
*Lamei Gorgani Institute of Higher Education
*Hakeem Jorjani Institute of Higher Education

==Transportation==
[[File:Gorgan Railway Station.JPG|thumb|Gorgan Railway Station]]

There is [[Gorgan Airport|an international airport]] near the city.

==Sports==
[[Shahrdari Gorgan BC]], which compete in the [[Iranian Basketball Super League]], is particularly popular in Gorgan.

Currently the main football team of Gorgan is [[Etka Gorgan F.C.]], which competes in the [[Azadegan League]].

==Sister cities==
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}  [[Aktau]],  [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>[http://www.kz-today.kz/index.php?lang=rus&uin=1138536468&chapter=1153399502 KZ-Today] September 11, 2006</ref>
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Samsun]], [[Turkey]] (2006)

==See also==
*[[Gorgan International Airport]]
*[[al-Jurjani]]
*[[Gorganrud River|Gorgan-rud River]]
*[[Gurganj]]
*[[Gorgan Gulf]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Golestan Province}}
{{Gorgan County}}

[[Category:Hyrcania]]
[[Category:Cities in Golestan Province]]
[[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]]