95.96.224.186: Yeni sayfa: "{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} '''Balamber''' (Balamir, Balamur) was ruler of the Huns, mentioned by Jordanes in his ''Getica'' (c. 550 AD).{{Citation |last=..."

2017-05-06T10:18:51Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} '''Balamber''' (Balamir, Balamur) was ruler of the Huns, mentioned by Jordanes in his ''Getica'' (c. 550 AD).<ref>{{Citation |last=..."

Yeni sayfa

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
'''Balamber''' (Balamir, Balamur) was ruler of the [[Huns]], mentioned by [[Jordanes]] in his ''[[Getica]]'' (c. 550 AD).<ref>{{Citation |last= Mitchell |first=Stephen |title=A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641. |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-0856-0 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford}}</ref> Jordanes simply called him "king of the [[Huns]]" (''rex Hunnorum'') and tells us the story of Balamber crushing the kingdom of [[Ostrogoths]] in the 370s, somewhere between 370{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=414}} and more probable 376{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=248, 253}} AD.

==History==
Jordanes recounts:

{{quote|"''Balamber, king of the Huns, took advantage of his ill health to move an army into the country of the Ostrogoths, from whom the [[Visigoths]] had already separated because of some dispute. Meanwhile [[Ermanaric|Hermanaric]], who was unable to endure either the pain of his wound or the inroads of the Huns, died full of days at the great age of one hundred and ten years. The fact of his death enabled the Huns to prevail over those [[Goths]] who, as we have said, dwelt in the East and were called [[Ostrogoths]].''"{{sfn|Jordanes|1905|p=§130}}}}

{{quote|"''When he had ruled with such license for barely a year, Balamber, king of the Huns, would no longer endure it, but sent for Gesimund, son of Hunimund the Great. Now Gesimund, together with a great part of the Goths, remained under the rule of the Huns, being mindful of his oath of fidelity. Balamber renewed his alliance with him and led his army up against Vinitharius. After a long contest, Vinitharius prevailed in the first and in the second conflict, nor can any say how great a slaughter he made of the army of the Huns. But in the third battle, when they met each other unexpectedly at the river named Erac, Balamber shot an arrow and wounded Vinitharius in the head, so that he died. Then Balamber took to himself in marriage Vadamerca, the grand-daughter of Vinitharius, and finally ruled all the people of the Goths as his peaceful subjects, but in such a way that one ruler of their own number always held the power over the Gothic race, though subject to the Huns.''"{{sfn|Jordanes|1905|p=§248–249}}}}

Those events were preceded by Huns attack on the [[Alans]] at [[Don River (Russia)|Don]], who bordered the [[Greuthungi]], and according to [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], occurred an alliance between them.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=18–22}}

The events and names which followed vary according to Ammianus and [[Cassiodorus]] (from whose ''Gothic History'' was summarized ''Getica''):

Ammianus wrote that after death of Ermanaric in 375, Vithimiris became the king of the Greuthungi, he resisted the Huns and Alans, but was killed in battle and was succeeded by young son Videric, so they were ruled by ''[[dux|duces]]'' Alatheus and Safrax. They managed to make a confederation of Greuthungi, Alans and Huns, who escaped from the majority of Huns, crossed the Danube in 376, and fought [[Battle of Adrianople]] in 378.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=249}}

Cassiodorus, ie. Jordanes recounts that after Ermanaric's death Goths separated in Western Visigoths and Eastern Ostrogoths, the latter remained in "''their old Scythian settlements''" under Hunnic rule. The [[Amal dynasty|Amal]] Vinitharius retained the "''insignia of his princely rank''", and trying to escape from the Huns, he invaded the lands of the [[Antes (people)|Antes]] and their king [[Boz (king)|Boz]] for merely one year, but Balamber put an end to Ostrogoths independence. After the subjection, followed more complex Ostrogoths royal descending; Ermanaric > Hunimund-Thorismund-Berimud moved with his son Videric with the Visigoths to the West because "''despised the Ostrogoths for their subjection to the Huns''". Then happened forty years of [[interregnum]] and Ostrogoths decided to give the rule to Vandalaris's son [[Valamir]], a relative of Thorismund.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=251}} Valamir eventually deserted [[Attila]]'s sons in c. 454.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=156}}{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=249}}

[[Herwig Wolfram]] argued the possibility that unknown river ''Erac'' could be identified with the river [[Rioni River|Phasis]] in [[Lazica]].{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=252–253}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütte |first=Gudmund |author-link=Gudmund Schütte |date=2013 |orig-year=1929–1933 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=kRlaAQAAQBAJ |title=Our Forefathers |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107674783}}</ref> [[Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen]] denied the connection with ancient ''Erax'', and considered [[History of Transnistria#Antiquity|Tiligul]] or lower [[Dnieper]].{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=25}} Wolfram puts the geographical location of events after the battle in 376, in [[Scythia]], but the term shifted more westward and actually meant [[Dacia]] and [[Pannonia]].{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=254}}

Maenchen-Helfen considered that Cassiodorus wouldn't admit that Gothic princess become a wife of Balamber if he was not some sort of a king.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=414}}

Wolfram argued that although scholars often identify Vithimiris with Vinitharius, and Videric with Vandalarius, onomatological and genealogical methods do not go along with historical events, and many difficulties arise.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=253–255}} One of them is that Balamber lived in the time of Valamir. However, although of similar etymological names, Balamber, Wolfram related to Iranian ''Balimber'', and as such considered them two different personalities.{{sfn|Wolfram|1990|p=254}} Some scholars like [[Edward Arthur Thompson]] and [[Peter Heather]] consider Balamber's story historically improbable, and he may be a version of better-attested Valamir,{{sfn|Heather|2007|p=357–358}}{{sfn|Heather|2010|p=666}} or was an invention by the Goths to explain who defeated them.{{sfn|Sinor|1990|p=181}}

==Etymology==
The name is recorded in three variants by Jordanes, and additional two by copyists: ''Balaber'', ''Balamber'', ''Balamur'', ''Balambyr'', ''Balamir''.{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=433}} ''Balaber'' with omission of ''-m-'' is a corruption of ''Balamber''.{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=433}} ''Balamber'' and ''Balambyr'' probably evolved from a dittography ''b-b''.{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=433}} ''Balamir'' has [[Gothic language|Gothic]] onomastic suffix ''-mir/-mer''.{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=433}}

[[Omeljan Pritsak]] considered ''Balamur'' as the only original [[Hunnic language|Hunnic]] form of the name. He derived it from [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] ''balamut'', ''balamud'', ''balamad'' (savage, wild, venturous, daring).{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=433}} In the Hunnic suffix "r" appears in the place of Mongolian "d", while the whole suffix corresponds to [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] "ma", [[Middle Turkic languages|Middle Turkic]] ''mat'', meaning "the greatest among".{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=433–435}} The name in form ''bala + mur'' means "the greatest among the venturous", which would be a suitable designation for Hunnic conqueror.{{sfn|Pritsak|1982|p=435}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

;Sources
* {{cite book |author=Jordanes |author-link=Jordanes |translator-last=Mierow |translator-first=Charles Christopher |translator-link=Charles Christopher Mierow |date=1908 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14809 |title=The Origin and Deeds of the Goths |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |place=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] |work=[[Project Gutenberg]] |ref={{harvid|Jordanes1908}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?hl=hr&id=CrUdgzSICxcC |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520015968 |ref={{harvid|Maenchen-Helfen1973}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |date=1982 |title=The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan |url=http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |volume=IV |issue=4 |issn=0363-5570 |ref={{harvid|Pritsak1982}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis|author-link=Denis Sinor |date=1990 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521243049 |ref={{harvid|Sinor1990}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |author-link=Herwig Wolfram |date=1990 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC |title=History of the Goths |translator=Dunlap, Thomas J. |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520069831 |ref={{harvid|Wolfram1990}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=MmXFrafifw0C |title=The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195325416 |ref={{harvid|Heather2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |date=2010 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=gbUlnaHlHS0C&vq=228 |title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199752720 |ref={{harvid|Heather2010}}}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = Unknown | title = [[List of Hunnish rulers|Hunnic rule]] | years = 370s | after = [[Uldin]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balamber}}
[[Category:Huns]]
[[Category:4th-century monarchs in Europe]]

Balamber - Değişiklik geçmişi

95.96.224.186: Yeni sayfa: "{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}} '''Balamber''' (Balamir, Balamur) was ruler of the Huns, mentioned by Jordanes in his ''Getica'' (c. 550 AD).{{Citation |last=..."