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{{Redirect|Dzungars|the empire established by Dzungar people|Dzungar Khanate}}
{{Chinese|s=准噶尔|t=準噶爾|p=Zhǔn'gá'ěr|w=Chun3-ka2-'erh3|mi={{IPA-cmn|tʂwə̀nkɑ̌ɻ|}}|mon=Зүүнгар|mong=ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠭᠠᠢ|lang1=Kazakh|lang1_content=Жоңғар/Joñğar/جوڭگار}}
The name '''Dzungar people''', also written as '''Zunghar''' (literally ''züüngar'', from the Mongolian for "left hand"), referred to the several [[Oirats|Oirat]] tribes who formed and maintained the [[Dzungar Khanate]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically they were one of major tribes of the [[Four Oirat]] confederation. They were also known as the '''Eleuths''' or '''Ööled''', from the [[Qing dynasty]] euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar",<ref>C.P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 425</ref> and also called "[[Kalmyk people|Kalmyks]]". In 2010, 15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in [[Mongolia]].<ref name="mongolian">{{cite web |url=http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf |title=National Census 2010 of Mongolia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170555/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-15}}</ref> An unknown number also live in China, Russia, and Kazakhstan.

==Origin==
The Dzungars were a confederation of several [[Oirats|Oirat]] tribes that emerged in the early 17th century to fight the [[Altan Khan of the Khalkha]] (not to be confused with the better known [[Altan Khan|Altan Khan of the Tümed]]), the [[Jasaghtu Khan]], and later the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] for dominion and control over the Mongolian people and territories. This confederation rose to power in what became known as [[Dzungaria]] between the [[Altai Mountains]] and the [[Ili River]] Valley. Initially, the confederation consisted of the Oöled, [[Dorbet]] (also written Derbet) and [[Khoit]] tribes. Later on, elements of the [[Khoshut]] and [[Torghut]] tribes were forcibly incorporated into the Dzungar military, thus completing the re-unification of the West Mongolian tribes.

According to oral history, the Oöled and Dörbed tribes are the successor tribes to the [[Naimans|Naiman]], a [[Mongol]] tribe that roamed the steppes of Central Asia during the era of [[Genghis Khan]]. The Oöled shared the clan name [[Choros]] with the Dörvöd. "Zuun gar" (left hand) and "Baruun gar" (right hand) formed the Oirat's military and administrative organization. The Dzungar [[Olots]] and Choros became the ruling clans in the 17th century.

==History==
[[File:Runikakaz.JPG|thumb|[[Clear script]] on rocks near [[Almaty]]]]
{{for|the Öölöds prior to the Qing dynasty|Dzungar Khanate}}
In 1697, two relatives of [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan]], Danjila and Rabdan, surrendered to the Qing [[Kangxi Emperor]]. Their people were then organized into two Oolod [[Banners of Inner Mongolia|banners]] and resettled in modern [[Bayankhongor Province]], [[Mongolia]]. In 1731, five hundred households fled back to Dzungar territory while the remaining Oolods were deported to [[Hulun Buir]]. After 1761 some of them were resettled in [[Arkhangai Province]].

The Dzungars who lived in an area that stretched from the west end of the [[Great Wall of China]] to present-day eastern [[Kazakhstan]] and from present-day northern [[Kyrgyzstan]] to southern [[Siberia]] (most of which is located in present-day [[Xinjiang]]), were the last [[nomadic empire]] to threaten China, which they did from the early 17th century through the middle of the 18th century.<ref>Chapters 3–7 of {{Harvnb|Perdue|2005}} describe the rise and fall of the Dzungar Khanate and its relations with other Mongol tribes, the [[Qing dynasty]], and the [[Russian empire]].</ref> After a series of inconclusive military conflicts that started in the 1680s, the Dzungars were subjugated by the [[Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1911) in the late 1750s.
Clarke argued that the Qing campaign in 1757–58 "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Dzungar state but of the Dzungars as a people."{{sfn|Clarke|2004|p=37}} After the [[Qianlong Emperor]] led Qing forces to victory over the Dzungar Oirat (Western) Mongols in 1755, he originally was going to split the Dzungar Khanate into four tribes headed by four Khans, the Khoit tribe was to have the Dzungar leader Amursana as its Khan. Amursana rejected the Qing arrangement and rebelled since he wanted to be leader of a united Dzungar nation. Qianlong then issued his orders for the genocide and eradication of the entire Dzungar nation and name, Qing [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bannermen]] and [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha (Eastern) Mongols]] enslaved Dzungar women and children while slaying the other Dzungars.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA95&dq=Zunghar+genocide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jedWU7DIBqe2sASikoG4DA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Zunghar%20genocide&f=false Millward 2007], p. 95.</ref>

The [[Qianlong Emperor]] then ordered the [[Dzungar genocide|genocide of the Dzungars]], moving the remaining Dzungar people to the mainland and ordering the generals to kill all the men in [[Barkol]] or [[Suzhou District|Suzhou]], and divided their wives and children to Qing forces, which were made out of [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bannermen]] and [[Khalkha Mongols]].<ref>大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年</ref><ref>平定準噶爾方略</ref> Qing scholar [[Wei Yuan]] estimated the total population of Dzungars before the fall at 600,000 people, or 200,000 households. Oirat officer Saaral betrayed and battled against the Oirats. In a widely cited<ref>{{cite book|last=Lattimore|first=Owen|title=Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1950|page=126}}</ref><ref name="Purdue">{{Harvnb|Perdue|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yd-2tiB6k-YC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA283,M1 283]-287}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Starr 2004], p. 54.</ref> account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Dzungar households were killed by [[smallpox]], 20% fled to Russia or [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] tribes, and 30% were killed by the Qing army of [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Bannermen]] and [[Khalkha Mongols]], leaving no [[yurt]]s in an area of several thousands [[Li (length)|li]] except those of the surrendered.<ref>[[Wei Yuan]], 聖武記 ''Military history of the Qing Dynasty'', vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"</ref> During this war [[Kazakhs]] attacked dispersed Oirats and [[Altay people|Altays]]. Based on this account, Wen-Djang Chu wrote that 80% of the 600,000 or more Dzungars (especially [[Choros]], [[Olots|Olot]], [[Khoid]], [[Baatud]] and [[Zakhchin]]) were destroyed by disease and attack<ref>{{cite book|last=Chu|first=Wen-Djang|title=The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China 1862-1878|publisher=Mouton & co.|year=1966|page=1}}</ref> which Michael Clarke described as "the complete destruction of not only the Dzungar state but of the Zungars as a people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf |title=Michael Edmund Clarke, ''In the Eye of Power'' (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-02-19}}</ref> Historian [[Peter Perdue]] attributed the decimation of the Dzungars to an explicit policy of extermination launched by Qianlong, but he also observed signs of a more lenient policy after mid-1757.<ref name="Purdue"/> Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."<ref>{{Harvnb|Levene|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA188,M1 188]}}</ref> The Dzungar genocide was completed by a combination of a smallpox epidemic and the direct slaughter of Dzungars by Qing forces made out of Manchu Bannermen and (Khalkha) Mongols.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=htPxVEh3owAC&pg=PA165&dq=Zunghar+genocide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jedWU7DIBqe2sASikoG4DA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Zunghar%20genocide&f=false Lorge 2006], p. 165.</ref>

Anti-Dzungar [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] rebels from the Turfan and Hami oases had submitted to Qing rule as vassals and requested Qing help for overthrowing Dzungar rule. Uyghur leaders like [[Emin Khoja]] were granted titles within the Qing nobility, and these Uyghurs helped supply the Qing military forces during the anti-Dzungar campaign.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA308&dq=Turfan+Khoja+military+contribution+Qing+campaign+Zunghar+Kashgar+Khoja&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ppZqU9v4Ney6yAHa7oCQCQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Turfan%20Khoja%20military%20contribution%20Qing%20campaign%20Zunghar%20Kashgar%20Khoja&f=false Kim 2008, p. 308]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false Kim 2008, p. 134]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false Kim 2008, p. 49]</ref> The Qing employed Khoja Emin in its campaign against the Dzungars and used him as an intermediary with Muslims from the Tarim Basin to inform them that the Qing were only aiming to kill Dzungars and that they would leave the Muslims alone, and also to convince them to kill the Dzungars themselves and side with the Qing since the Qing noted the Muslims' resentment of their former experience under Dzungar rule at the hands of [[Tseveenravdan|Tsewang Araptan]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false Kim 2008], p. 139.</ref>

It was not until generations later that Dzungaria rebounded from the destruction and near liquidation of the Dzungars after the mass slayings of nearly a million Dzungars.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false Tyler 2004], p. 55.</ref> Historian [[Peter Perdue]] has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by Qianlong,<ref name="Zungar2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA285&dq=Zunghar+genocide&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZutWU-yoLOi_sQTcn4CgBg&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Zunghar%20genocide&f=false Perdue 2009], p. 285.</ref> Perdue attributed the decimation of the Dzungars to a "deliberate use of massacre" and has described it as an "ethnic genocide".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zm_Bj6zc7EC&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false Perdue 2005, pp. 283-285.]</ref> Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,<ref name="Zungar2"/> Dr. Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide,<ref name="Dr. Mark Levene">[http://www.soton.ac.uk/history/profiles/levene1.html Dr. Mark Levene], [[Southampton University]], see "Areas where I can offer Postgraduate Supervision". Retrieved 2009-02-09.</ref> has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q&f=false Moses 2008, p. 188]</ref>

The Qing "final solution" of genocide to solve the problem of the Dzungars made the Qing sponsored settlement of millions of Han Chinese, Hui, Turkestani Oasis people (Uyghurs) and Manchu Bannermen in Dzungaria possible, since the land was now devoid of Dzungars.<ref name="Zungar2"/> The [[Dzungaria]]n basin, which used to be inhabited by Dzungars is currently inhabited by Kazakhs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false Tyler 2004], p. 4.</ref> In northern Xinjiang, the Qing brought in Han, Hui, Uyghur, Xibe, and Kazakh colonists after they exterminated the Dzungar Oirat Mongols in the region, with one third of Xinjiang's total population consisting of Hui and Han in the northern area, while around two thirds were Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang's Tarim Basin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Starr 2004], p. 243.</ref> In Dzungaria, the Qing established new cities like Urumqi and Yining.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false Millward 1998], p. 102.</ref> The Qing were the ones who unified Xinjiang and changed its demographic situation.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 71.</ref>

The depopulation of northern Xinjiang after the Buddhist Oirats were slaughtered, led to the Qing settling Manchu, Sibo (Xibe), Daurs, Solons, Han Chinese, Hui Muslims, and Turkic Muslim Taranchis in the north, with Han Chinese and Hui migrants making up the greatest number of settlers. Since it was the crushing of the Buddhist Öölöd (Dzungars) by the Qing which led to promotion of Islam and the empowerment of the Muslim Begs in southern Xinjiang, and migration of Muslim Taranchis to northern Xinjiang, it was proposed by Henry Schwarz that "the Qing victory was, in a certain sense, a victory for Islam".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 72.</ref> Xinjiang as a unified defined geographic identity was created and developed by the Qing. It was the Qing who led to Turkic Muslim power in the region increasing since the Mongol power was crushed by the Qing while Turkic Muslim culture and identity was tolerated or even promoted by the Qing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 76.</ref>

Qianlong explicitly commemorated the Qing conquest of the Dzungars as having added new territory in Xinjiang to "China", defining China as a multi ethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas in "China proper", meaning that according to the Qing, both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China", which included Xinjiang which the Qing conquered from the Dzungars.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf Zhao 2006], pp. 11,12.</ref> After the Qing were done conquering Dzungaria in 1759, they proclaimed that the new land which formerly belonged to the Dzungars, was now absorbed into "China" (Dulimbai Gurun) in a Manchu language memorial.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&pg=PA77&dq=Dulimbai+gurun+land&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jEHtUunnIIvksASBzIEQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun%20land&f=false Dunnell 2004], p. 77.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&pg=PA83&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iT7tUsrhM4bhyQH_04HYBg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false Dunnell 2004], p. 83.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA503&dq=steppes+mountains+rivers+Dzungar+unified+with+china&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5UHtUuvvCcu_sQStu4HYBw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=steppes%20mountains%20rivers%20Dzungar%20unified%20with%20china&f=false Elliott 2001], p. 503.</ref> The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the "outer" non-Han Chinese like the Inner Mongols, Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and Tibetans together with the "inner" Han Chinese, into "one family" united in the Qing state, showing that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family, the Qing used the phrase "Zhong Wai Yi Jia" 中外一家 or "Nei Wai Yi Jia" 內外一家 ("interior and exterior as one family"), to convey this idea of "unification" of the different peoples.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&pg=PA77&dq=Dulimbai+gurun+land&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jEHtUunnIIvksASBzIEQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun%20land&f=false Dunnell 2004], pp. 76-77.</ref> In the Manchu official [[Tulisen]]'s Manchu language [[Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars, in the years 1712, 13, 14, and 15|account of his meeting]] with the [[Kalmyk people|Torghut leader]] [[Ayuka Khan]], it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians, the "people of the Central Kingdom" (dulimba-i gurun 中國, Zhongguo) were like the Torghut Mongols, and the "people of the Central Kingdom" referred to the Manchus.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA218&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&hl=en&sa=X&ei=90LtUpuHEaSMyAHAl4DoDA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Dulimbai%20gurun&f=false Perdue 2009], p. 218.</ref>

The Hulun Buir Oolods formed an administrative banner along the Imin and Shinekhen Rivers. During the Qing dynasty, a body of them resettled in [[Yakeshi]] city. In 1764 many Oolods migrated to [[Khovd Province]] in Mongolia and supplied corvee services for the Khovd garrison of the Qing. Their number reached 9,100 in 1989. A united administrative unit was demanded by them.<ref>[http://www.academia.edu/5588409/Chuluunbaatar_Otgonbayar_2010_The_Cultural_and_Ethnic_Identity_of_the_Oirat_Peoples._In_Erich_Lehner_Alexandra_Harrer_Hildegard_Sint_Eds._Along_the_Great_Wall_Architecture_and_Identity_in_China_and_Mongolia._Vienna_IVA-ICRA_pp._165-172 Chuluunbaatar] p. 170.</ref>

The Dzungars remaining in [[Xinjiang]] were also renamed Oolods. They dominated 30 of the 148 Mongol [[Sum (country subdivision)|sums]] during the Qing dynasty era and numbered 25,000 in 1999.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*{{cite book|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|first1=Ruth W.|last1=Dunnell|first2=Mark C.|last2=Elliott|first3=Philippe|last3=Foret|first4=James A|last4=Millward|volume=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134362226|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|first=Mark C.|last=Elliott|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804746842|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814|first=Kwangmin|last=Kim|others=University of California, Berkeley|volume=|edition=|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1109101260|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China|first1=Tao Tao|last1=Liu|first2=David|last2=Faure|volume=|edition=|year=1996|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9622094023|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231139241|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|volume=|edition=reprint|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0674042026|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zm_Bj6zc7EC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=067401684X|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|editor-first=S. Frederick|last=Starr|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765613182|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004255672|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite book|title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang|first=Christian|last=Tyler|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&printsec=frontcover&vq=Merchant+jahangir&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0813535336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
*{{cite journal|url=http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |archivedate=2014-03-25 |jstor=20062627 |doi=10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century |last1=Zhao |first1=Gang |last2= |first2= |volume=32 |number=Number 1 |date=January 2006 |website= |publisher=Sage Publications |deadurl=yes |accessdate=17 April 2014 |df= }}

==External links==
* [http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2007/01/02/oyrat_history_48654.html «Начальные времена» ойратской истории] {{ru icon}}
* [http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2006/12/27/oirat_culture_48654.html ДНК нации или Исторический психотип ойратов] {{ru icon}}
* [http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2007/08/30/4_types_48654.html Четыре типа ойратской красоты] {{ru icon}}
* [http://www.bumbinorn.ru/2008/12/07/poslednie_dannye_po_lokalizacii_i_chislennosti_ojjrat_48654.html Последние данные по локализации и численности ойрат (htm републикация)] {{ru icon}}

{{Mongol_Yastan}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dzungar People}}
[[Category:Oirats]]

Dzungars - Değişiklik geçmişi

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Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Redirect|Dzungars|the empire established by Dzungar people|Dzungar Khanate}} {{Chinese|s=准噶尔|t=準噶爾|p=Zhǔn'gá'ěr|w=Chun³-ka²-'erh³|m..."