Güyük Khan - Değişiklik geçmişi

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Гүюг хаан
{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠦᠶᠦᠭ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}} |title= 3rd Khagan of the Mongol Empire

2017-03-26T17:35:19Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox royalty |name=Güyük Khan<br>Гүюг хаан<br>{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠦᠶᠦᠭ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}} |title= 3rd Khagan of the Mongol Empire<br /..."

Yeni sayfa
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Güyük Khan<br>Гүюг хаан<br>{{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠦᠶᠦᠭ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}
|title= 3rd [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]<br />(Supreme [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Mongols]])<br>[[King of Kings]]
|image=File:Guyuk khan from Persian miniature.jpg
|caption=Depiction of Guyuk Khan in a [[Persian miniature]] by Abdullâh Sultân Shirazi
|reign=24 August 1246 – 20 April 1248|coronation=24 August 1246
|predecessor=[[Ögedei Khan]]
|successor=[[Möngke Khan]]
|temple name=Dingzong (定宗, posthumously given in 1266)
|posthumous name=Emperor Jianping (簡平皇帝, posthumously given in 1266)
|spouse =[[Oghul Qaimish]]
|house=[[Borjigin]]
|father=[[Ögedei Khan]]
|mother=[[Töregene]]
|birth_date= 19 March 1206
|death_date= 20 April 1248 (aged 42)
|death_place=Qum-Senggir, [[Xinjiang]]
|}}

'''Güyük''' (or '''Kuyuk'''; {{lang-mn|Гүюг хаан|translit=Güyug khaan}} {{lang-xng|ᠭᠦᠶᠦᠭ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}, ''{{transl|mn|güyüg qaγan}}'') (''c''. March 19, 1206 – April 20, 1248) was the third [[Khagan|Great Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]], the eldest son of [[Ögedei Khan]] and a grandson of [[Genghis Khan]]. He reigned from 1246 to 1248.

== Early life ==
Güyük received military training and served as an officer under [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Ögedei Khan]]. He married [[Oghul Qaimish]] of the [[Merkit]] clan. In 1233, Güyük, along with his maternal cousin Alchidai and the Mongol general Tangghud, conquered the short-lived Dongxia Kingdom of [[Puxian Wannu]], who was a rebellious [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin]] official,<ref>Pál Nyíri-''Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia'', p.4</ref> in a few months. After the death of Tolui, Ögedei proposed that [[Sorghaghtani]], the widow of [[Tolui]], marry his son Güyük. Sorghaghtani declined, saying that her prime responsibility was to her own sons.<ref>John Man-''Kublai Khan'', p.19</ref>

[[File:Vladimir mongols.jpg|thumb|220px|left|The Mongols outside [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] presumably demanding submission before its sack.]]

Güyük participated in the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|invasion of Russia and Central Europe]] in 1236–1241 with other Mongol princes, including his cousin [[Batu Khan|Batu]] and half-brother [[Kadan]]. He led his corps in the [[Siege of Ryazan]] and the lengthy siege of the [[Ossetia]]n capital [[Maghas]]. During the course of the conquest, Güyük quarreled violently with Batu at the victory banquet and screamed at him, "Batu is just an old woman with a quiver".<ref>David Christian-''Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire'', p.412</ref><ref>J. McIver Weatherford-''Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world'', p.162</ref> Güyük and [[Büri]], a grandson of [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], stormed out of the banquet and rode away swearing and cursing. When word reached the [[Great Khan]], they were recalled for a time to [[Mongolia]]. Ögedei refused to see them and threatened to have his son Güyük executed. Ögedei calmed down and finally admitted Güyük into his [[yurt|ger]]. Ögedei criticized Güyük, "Do you think that the Russians surrendered because how mean you were to your own men. ...Because you captured one or two warriors, you think that you won the war. But you didn't capture even a single kid goat." Ögedei reprimanded his son harshly for fighting within the family and for mistreating his soldiers. Güyük was dispatched again to Europe.

In the meantime, Ögedei had died (in 1241), and his widow [[Töregene]] had taken over as [[regent]], a position of great influence and authority that she used to advocate for her son Güyük. Batu withdrew from Europe so that he might have some influence over the [[Order of succession|succession]], but despite his delaying tactics, Töregene succeeded in getting Güyük elected [[Khan (title)|Khan]] in 1246. When Genghis Khan's youngest brother, [[Temüge]], threatened the Great Khatun Toregene in an attempt to seize the throne, Güyük came to Mongolia from Emil to secure his position immediately.

== Enthronement (1246) ==
[[Image:LetterGuyugToInnocence.jpg|thumb|100px|Güyük Khan demanding [[Pope Innocent IV]]'s submission.]]

Güyük's enthronement on 24 August 1246, near the Mongol capital at [[Karakorum]], was attended by a large number of foreign ambassadors: the [[Franciscan]] friar and envoy of [[Pope Innocent IV]], [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|John of Plano Carpini]]; Grand Duke [[Yaroslav II of Vladimir]]; the incumbents for the throne of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]]; the brother of the king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenia]] and historian, [[Sempad the Constable]]; the future [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Seljuk Sultan of Rum]], [[Kilij Arslan IV]]; and ambassadors of the [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] [[Al-Musta'sim]] and [[Ala ud din Masud]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>Jean-Paul Roux, ''L'Asie Centrale'', p.312</ref> According to John of Plano Carpini, Güyük's formal election in a great ''[[kurultai]]'', or diet of the tribes, took place while his company was at a camp called ''Sira Orda'', or "Yellow Pavilion," along with 3,000 to 4,000 visitors from all parts of Asia and [[eastern Europe]], bearing [[Homage (feudal)|homage]], tribute, and presents. They afterwards witnessed the formal enthronement at another camp in the vicinity called the "Golden Ordu," after which they were presented to the emperor. [[Mosul]] submitted to him, sending envoys to that assembly.

When the papal envoy John of Plano Carpini protested Mongol attacks on the Catholic kingdoms of Europe, Güyük stated that these people had slain Mongol envoys in the time of Genghis Khan and Ogedei Khan. He also claimed that "from the rising of the sun to its setting, all the lands have been made subject to the Great Khan", proclaiming an explicit ideology of world conquest.<ref>Karen Louise Jolly-''Tradition & Diversity'', p.459</ref> The Khagan wrote a letter to [[Pope Innocent IV]] on the relations between the Church and the Mongols. "You must say with a sincere heart: 'We will be your subjects; we will give you our strength'. You must in person come with your kings, all together, without exception, to render us service and pay us homage. Only then will we acknowledge your submission. And if you do not follow the order of God, and go against our orders, we will know you as our enemy." According to the account by John of Plano Carpini, Genghis Khan's daughter or the aunt of the Khagan was executed for poisoning Ogedei.

Güyük followed his father's policy and had Fatima arrested and executed for bewitching his brother Koden (Khuden) and Abd-ur-Rahman was also beheaded for [[Political corruption|corruption]]. Of the provincial officials appointed under Toregene, only the [[Oirats|Oirat]] official Arghun Aqa remained. Güyük had Temüge's case investigated by [[Orda Khan]] and [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]], and they had him executed.<ref>Jack Weatherford-''Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world'', p.165</ref> Güyük replaced the child khan [[Qara Hülëgü]] of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] with his favorite cousin [[Yesü Möngke]] to secure his position. He also restored his father's officials, Mahmud Yalavach, Masud Beg and Chinqai to positions in the provinces.

== Reign (1246–1248) ==
[[File:Güyük interrogeant Djamâl al-Dîn Mahmûd Hudjandî.jpeg|thumb|left|Güyük interrogates Djamâl al-Dîn Mahmûd Hudjandî. Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini.]]
Güyük reversed several unpopular edicts of his mother the regent and made a surprisingly capable khan, appointing [[Eljigidei]] in Persia in preparation for an attack on [[Baghdad]] and the [[Ismailis]] and pursuing the war against the [[Song Dynasty]]. He was, nevertheless, insecure and won the disapproval of his subjects by executing several high-ranking officials of the previous regime for treason. The [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] princes struggled incessantly for the throne of the [[Sultanate of Rum]]. Despised by Izz-ad-Din, Rukn ad-Din [[Kilij Arslan IV]] came to Mongolia. Güyük ordered Rukn ad-Din enthroned in Iz-ad-Din [[Kaykaus II]]'s place. A [[darughachi]] with 2,000 Mongol troops was sent to enforce this decision. When both [[David Narin]] and [[David Ulu]] summoned before Güyük in [[Karakorum]], he made David Ulu the senior king and divided the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] between them.<ref>("Maurē Thalassa") # (Birmingham, M. # 1978). p.256</ref> After the treaty signed by the Mongols and the [[Cilician Armenia]] in 1243, the king [[Hetoum I]] sent his brother [[Sempad the Constable|Sempad]] to the Mongol court in Karakorum and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a [[vassal]] state of the Mongol Empire. Due to Armenia's voluntary surrender, Sempad received a Mongol wife, and his kingdom was spared Mongol overseers and tax. Güyük demanded full-submission of the [[Abbasid]]s and the Ismailis. Güyük Khan blamed [[Baiju]] for the irritated resistance of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Güyük ordered an empire-wide census. In 1246, by the decree of Güyük, taxes amounting between 1/30 -1/10 of value were imposed on everything and a heavy head tax of 60 silver drams was collected from males in Georgia and [[Armenia]].<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian-''The Armenian people from ancient to modern times'', p.259</ref> The Great Khan separated the position of the great darughachi from that of chief [[scribe]]. Güyük took half of his father's [[kheshig]] for himself. Under his rule, the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] officials increased their dominance, sidelining the North Chinese and the Muslims. Güyük was a strict and intelligent person, though rather morose and sickly, and his bad drinking habit worsened his health.

Güyük sent Amuqan to Korea and the Mongols camped near Yiom-ju in July 1247. After the king [[Gojong of Goryeo]] refused to move his capital from [[Kanghwa]] island to [[Kaesong|Songdo]], Amuqan's force pillaged the [[Korean Peninsula]] until 1250.

[[File:Güyük à la fête.jpeg|thumb|right|Güyük at the feast. Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini.]]

Although Batu did not support Güyük's election, he respected the Great Khan as a traditionalist and sent [[Andrey II of Vladimir|Andrey]] and [[Alexander Nevsky]] to [[Karakorum]] in [[Mongolia]] in 1247 after their father's death. Güyük appointed Andrey [[Grand prince]] of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and Alexander prince of [[Kiev]].<ref>Janet Martin-''Medieval Russia'', 980–1584, p.152</ref> In 1248, he demanded Batu come towards Mongolia to meet him, a move that some contemporaries regarded as a pretext for Batu's arrest. In compliance with the order, Batu approached bringing a large army. When Güyük moved westwards, Sorghaghtani warned Batu that the Jochids might be his target.

The showdown never happened — Güyük died en route, in modern-day [[Qinghe County, Xinjiang]], China. Güyük might have been poisoned, but some modern historians believe that he died of [[natural causes]] because his health deteriorated.<ref>C. P. Atwood-''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p.213</ref> According to [[William of Rubruck]], he was killed in a violent brawl with [[Shiban]]. His widow [[Oghul Qaimish]] took over as regent, but she would be unable to keep the succession within her branch of the family. [[Möngke]] succeeded as Khan in 1251.

== Legacy ==

Genghis Khan's sons and grandsons were haunted by [[alcoholism]], a vice that Genghis himself had detested. Despite this, Genghis himself once remarked that it was not realistic to expect a man not to get drunk on occasion. The death of Güyük had a profound effect on history. Güyük wanted to turn the Mongol power against Europe. Because of Güyük's premature death, Mongol family politics caused the Mongol efforts to be directed against southern China, which was eventually conquered in the time of [[Kublai Khan]].

Güyük's reign showed that the split between Batu's line, the descendants of Jöchi, and the rest of the family was the fatal flaw in the unity of all the Mongol Empire. Oghul Qaimish, whom Möngke had called "more contemptible than a bitch" to a European visitor, was executed after Batu and Möngke effected the family coup.

When Kublai Khan established the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in 1271, he had Güyük Khan placed on the official record as Dingzong ({{zh|定宗|Dìngzōng}}).

== Children ==
{{see also|Family tree of Genghis Khan}}

Güyük and Oghul Qaimish children included:

Khoja
Naqu

Güyük and his other wife's child was:

Khokhoo

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
[[Jean-Paul Roux]], ''L'Asie Centrale'', Paris, 1997, ISBN 978-2-213-59894-9

== External links ==
* [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/carpini/ Plano Carpini's account of the Mongols]
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/CE_CRUSA.HTM Catholic Encyclopedia, "The Crusades"]
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Borjigin|House of Borjigin]] (1206–1634)||1206||1248}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Töregene Khatun]] (regent)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Great Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]|years=1246–1248}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Oghul Qaimish]] (regent)}}
{{s-end}}

{{Khagans of Mongol Empire}}
{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Yuan Emperors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guyuk Khan}}
[[Category:1206 births]]
[[Category:1248 deaths]]
[[Category:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Borjigin]]
[[Category:13th-century Mongol rulers]]
[[Category:Descendants of Genghis Khan]]
[[Category:House of Ögedei]]
[[Category:Ögedei Khan]]