Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{for|the village in Iran|Kaidu, Iran}} [[Tamga of Kaidu, House of Ögedei.]] '''Kaidu''' ({{lang-mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠺᠠᠶᠳᠣ}}}} ''Qaid..."

2017-03-26T17:21:37Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{for|the village in Iran|Kaidu, Iran}} [[Tamga of Kaidu, House of Ögedei.]] '''Kaidu''' ({{lang-mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠺᠠᠶᠳᠣ}}}} ''Qaid..."

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{{for|the village in Iran|Kaidu, Iran}}
[[File:Kaidu's tamga.png|thumb|[[Tamga]] of Kaidu, [[House of Ögedei]].]]

'''Kaidu''' ({{lang-mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠺᠠᠶᠳᠣ}}}} ''Qaidu'', [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Хайду; {{zh|c=海都|p=Hǎidū}}) (1230–1301) was the leader of the [[House of Ögedei]] and the ''[[de facto]]'' [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the [[Chagatai Khanate]], a division of the [[Mongol Empire]]. He ruled part of modern-day [[Xinjiang]] and [[Central Asia]] during the 13th century, and actively opposed his cousin, [[Kublai Khan]], who established the [[Yuan dynasty]] in China, until Kaidu's death in 1301. Medieval chroniclers often mistranslated [[Kadan]] as Kaidu, mistakenly placing Kaidu at the [[Battle of Legnica]]. Kadan was the brother of Güyük, and Kaidu's uncle.<ref name="Chambers">[[James Chambers (historian)|Chambers, James]]. ''The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe''. Atheneum. New York. 1979. ISBN 0-689-10942-3</ref>

==Early life==
Kaidu was the son of Kashin<ref name="MarcoPolo2">[[Marco Polo]] and [[Rustichello of Pisa]]. ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'', Volume 2, Book 4, Chapter 1. Edited and annotated by [[Henry Yule]] and revised by [[Henri Cordier]], 3rd Ed. 1903.</ref> a grandson of [[Ögedei Khan]] and a great-grandson of [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Börte]]. His mother's name was Shabkana Khatun from the Bekrin (Mekrin) tribe of mountaineers that were "neither Mongols, nor Uighurs".<ref>{{cite book|title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia: History of the Semirechy|volume=2|first=Vasilii Vladimirovich|last=Bartol'd|publisher=E.J. Brill|year=1956|page=124}}</ref>

In 1260, [[Marco Polo]] described [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], part of the area under Kaidu as "five days' journey in extent"; that its inhabitants were mostly [[Muslim]] although there were also some [[Assyrian Church of the East|Nestorian]] and [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobite]] [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]; and that it had plenty of food and other necessities, "especially [[cotton]]."<ref name="MarcoPolo1">[[Marco Polo]] and [[Rustichello of Pisa]]. ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'', Volume 1, Book 1, Chapter 35. Edited and annotated by [[Henry Yule]] and revised by [[Henri Cordier]], 3rd Ed. 1903.</ref> In the [[Toluid Civil War]] between 1260 and 1264, [[Kublai Khan]] was warring with his own brother [[Ariq Böke]], who was proclaimed [[Great Khan]] at Karakorum, Kaidu began to have major conflicts with Kublai and his ally, the [[Ilkhanate]].

Meanwhile, the [[Chagatayid Khan]] [[Alghu]], who supported Kublai as Khagan, ravaged the lands of Kaidu. This forced Kaidu to make an alliance with [[Berke]], the khan of the [[Golden Horde]].

==Conquest of Transoxiana==
After the defeat of Ariq Böke in 1264, Kublai summoned Kaidu to his court, possibly to discuss the future of the empire and give Kaidu his share of the Ögedeid [[appanage]] in China. But Kaidu avoided appearing at his court and said that his horses were too thin to bear long distance travel. Because Genghis Khan had made a law that all branches of the family had to approve the granting of the title of [[Great Khan]], Kaidu's enmity was a constant obstacle to Kublai's ambitions.<ref>{{cite book | author=Weatherford | page=118 }}</ref>

In 1266 [[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq|Baraq]] was dispatched to Central Asia to take the throne of Chagatai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack him in 1268. At first Baraq defeated Kaidu, however, the former was defeated by the latter with the assistance of [[Möngke-Temür]], successor of Berke. When Baraq advanced towards Kaidu, the latter set a trap for the invader's troops on the bank of the [[Jaxartes]], and defeated his forces. [[Transoxiana]] was then ravaged by Kaidu. Baraq fled to [[Samarkand]], then [[Bukhara]], plundering the cities along the way in an attempt to rebuild his army. These actions alarmed Kaidu, who did not want the region to be further devastated. Kaidu also needed to free up his army for a potential conflict with Kublai. Peace was therefore proposed, and Baraq was pressured by the governors of the sedentary areas of the khanate, [[Mas'ud Beg]] and [[Daifu]], to accept. He did, and peace was declared, although sources conflict on the time and location. [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]] claims that the meeting took place in the spring of 1269 in [[Taraz|Talas]], while [[Wassaf]] writes that it took place around 1267 to the south of Samarkand. Either way, two-thirds of Transoxiana were granted to Baraq, while the other third went to Kaidu and Mengu-Timur. Kaidu also gained control of the region around Bukhara. Neither side gained control of the cities; the administration of these instead devolved to Mas'ud Beg, while Baraq and Kaidu agreed to reside only in the deserts and mountains.

==Later defeats and death==
{{See also|Kaidu–Kublai war}}
Kaidu convinced Baraq to attack [[Persia]] under the [[Ilkhanids]]. Baraq suffered a large defeat at [[Herat]] on July 22, 1270 against [[Abagha]]. Baraq died en route to meet Kaidu who had been waiting for his weakness. The Chagatayid princes including [[Mubarak Shah]] submitted to Kaidu and proclaimed him as their overlord. Sons of Baraq rebelled against Kaidu but they were defeated. Many of the Chagatayid princes fled to the Ilkhanate. Kaidu's early attempt to rule the Chagatayids faced a serious resistance. The Mongol princes such as [[Negübei]], whom he appointed khan of the House of Chagatai revolted several times. Stable control came when [[Duwa]] was made khan who became his number two in 1282.

In 1275 Kaidu invaded [[Ürümqi]] and demanded its submission, but the Buddhist Idiqut resisted. Kublai sent a relief force to expel him. Kublai's son Nomukhan and generals occupied [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almaliq]] from 1266–76, to prevent Kaidu's invasion. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son Shiregi rebelled, kidnapping Kublai's two sons and his general Antong. The rebels handed Antong to Kaidu and the princes to Möngke-Temür. The Great Khan's armies drove Shiregi's forces west of the [[Altai Mountains]] and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and Xinjiang. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|first=Christopher Pratt|last=Atwood|publisher=Facts on File|year=2004|page=459|article=Qubilai Khan}}</ref>

Though Kaidu had fourteen sons, he relied mostly on his daughter [[Khutulun]] for advice and aid in military matters.<ref>{{cite book | author=Weatherford | pages=117–118 }}</ref>

Kaidu had waged almost continuous warfare for more than 30 years against Kublai and his successor [[Temür Khan|Temür]], though he eventually fell in 1301, when he was defeated and wounded during a battle near Karakorum and died shortly afterwards.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Kaidu river yanqi xinjiang.jpg|thumb|right|Kaidu River in the city center of [[Yanqi Hui Autonomous County|Yanqi]]]]

Kaidu waged a continuous war lasting 30 years against [[Kublai]] and his successor. See [[Kaidu–Kublai war]].

==See also==
* [[Kaidu–Kublai war]]
* [[Division of the Mongol Empire]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | title=The Secret History of the Mongol Queens | author= Weatherford, Jack.| year=2010 | publisher=Broadway Paperbacks, New York}}

==External links==
*Hill, John E. ''[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu]'', Second Edition, 2003. (Based on 2004 edition, not yet online)

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[[Category:1230 births]]
[[Category:1301 deaths]]
[[Category:Mongol khans]]
[[Category:History of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Borjigin| ]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire people]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Descendants of Genghis Khan]]
[[Category:Ögedei Khan]]

Kaidu - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{for|the village in Iran|Kaidu, Iran}} [[Tamga of Kaidu, House of Ögedei.]] '''Kaidu''' ({{lang-mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠺᠠᠶᠳᠣ}}}} ''Qaid..."