Admin: Yeni sayfa: "A '''tamga''' or '''tamgha''' "stamp, seal" ({{lang-mn|тамга}}, {{lang-otk|𐱃𐰢𐰍}} ''tamga''; {{lang-tr|damga}}) is an abstract seal or Seal (emblem)..."

2017-03-26T15:39:46Z

Yeni sayfa: "A '''tamga''' or '''tamgha''' "stamp, seal" ({{lang-mn|тамга}}, {{lang-otk|𐱃𐰢𐰍}} ''tamga''; {{lang-tr|damga}}) is an abstract seal or Seal (emblem)..."

Yeni sayfa

A '''tamga''' or '''tamgha''' "stamp, seal" ({{lang-mn|тамга}}, {{lang-otk|𐱃𐰢𐰍}} ''tamga''; {{lang-tr|damga}}) is an abstract [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] or [[Seal (emblem)|stamp]] used by [[Eurasian nomad]]ic peoples and by cultures influenced by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or family.
They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages (including [[Alans]], [[Mongols]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Scythians]] and [[Turkic peoples]]).

Similar "tamga-like" symbols were sometimes adopted by sedentary peoples adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>Ottfried Neubecker. ''Heraldik''. Orbis, 2002; Brook 154; Franklin and Shepard 120-121; Pritsak 78-79.</ref> Archaeologists prize tamgas as a first-rate source for the study of present and extinct cultures.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==Medieval tamgas==

===Mongol empire===
[[File:Member of Mongolian Association of Numismatics.png|thumb|Logo with the [[Xiongnu]] tamga; these five symbols were later used as the tamgas of [[Genghis Khan]] and his sons.]]
[[File:Kaidu's tamga.png|thumb|[[Tamgha]] of [[Kaidu]], [[House of Ögedei]].]]

Since the time when the ancients, including the [[Mongol]] nations have developed into relative groups, origins, and ethnic groups, the symbol and belief of a clan have emerged, and a custom to distinguish their origins and relatives have been established. Consequently, when labor distributions within clans began to develop and people started to manage an economy, various tamgas, drawings, notes and earmarks have been used as an identification sign for labor instruments and utilities as well as in domestication of animals. Every time the clan branched off due to internal clashes, the number of derivative tamghas been gradually developed into personal, family, lineage, khans, and state tamghas. Those new tamghas were created through adding new markings on the original tamgha, in order to conserve the tradition.

"Tamga" or "tamag" literally means a stamp or seal in the [[Mongolian language]]. Tamgas are also [[Livestock branding|stamped using hot irons]] on domesticated animals such as horses in present-day [[Mongolia]] and others to identify that the livestock belongs to a certain family while they graze during the day on their own. In this regard, each family has their own tamga markings for easier identification. Tamga marking in that case is not very elaborate and is just a curved iron differentiating from other families' tamgas. The [[President of Mongolia]] also passes the ''tamag'' "state seal" when he or she transitions the position to the new president. In the presidential case, the tamag or seal is a little more elaborate and is contained in a wooden box.

=== Turkic peoples ===
[[Image:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Crimean Tatars]], sporting the traditional tamğa.]]

The Turks who remained pastoral nomad kings in eastern Anatolia and Iran however, continued to use their clan tamgas, and in fact they became high-strung nationalistic imagery. The [[Ak Koyunlu]] and [[Kara Koyunlu]], like many other royal dynasties in Eurasia, put their tamga on their flags and stamped their coinage with it.

For those Turks who never left their homeland of [[Turkestan]] in the first place it remained and still is what it was originally, a cattle brand and clan identifier.

Among modern [[Turkic peoples]], the tamga is a design identifying [[property]] or [[cattle]] belonging to a specific Turkic clan, usually as a [[livestock branding|cattle brand]] or [[seal (emblem)|stamp]].

When Turkish clans took over more [[Urban area|urban]] or [[rural area]]s, tamgas dropped out of use as [[pastoral]] ways of life became forgotten. This is most evident in the Turkish clans who took over western and eastern [[Anatolia]] following the [[Battle of Manzikert]]. The Turks who took over western Anatolia founded the [[Sultanate of Rûm]] and became Roman-style aristocrats. Most of them adopted the (at the time) Muslim symbol of the [[Seal of Solomon]] after the Sultanate disintegrated into a mass of feuding [[ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]] states (see [[Isfendiyarids]], [[Karamanids]]). Only the Ottoman ghazi state (later to become the [[Ottoman Empire]]) kept its [[Ottoman flag|tamga]], and this was highly stylized, so much so that the bow was stylized down eventually to a crescent moon.

Tamgas of the twenty-two [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz tribes]] according to [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] in [[Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk]]:<ref>Kâşgarlı Mahmûd: Divânü Lugâti't-Türk, Kabalcı Yayınevi Publishing, p.354</ref>
<center>
<gallery perrow=7 widths="60px" heights="60px">
File:Kinik.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Kınık boyu|Kınık]]</div>
File:Kayi.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Kayı tribe|Kayı]]</div>
File:Bayundur.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Bayandur]]</div>
File:Yiva.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Iwa]] (''Yiwa'')</div>
File:Salur.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Salur tribe|Salur]]</div>
File:Avsar.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Afshar tribe|Afshar]]</div>
File:Begdili.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Begtili]]</div>
File:Bugduz.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Bugduz]]</div>
File:Bayat.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Bayat (name)|Bayat]]</div>
File:Yazir.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Yazigir]]</div>
File:Eymur.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Eymur]]</div>
File:Karaevli.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Каraboluk]]</div>
File:Akevli.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Аlkaboluk]]</div>
File:Igdir.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Igdir]]</div>
File:Yuregir.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Uregir]] (''Yüregir'')</div>
File:Dodurga.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Tutirka]]</div>
File:Alayuntlu.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Ulayundlug]]</div>
File:Doger.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Digor people|Tokar]]</div>
File:Pecenek.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Pechenegs|Pechenek]]</div>
File:Cavuldur.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Chuvaldar]]</div>
File:Cepni.svg|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Chepni people|Chepni]]</div>
File:None-100.gif|<div style="text-align: center;">[[Charuklug]]</div>
</gallery>
</center>

==Eastern Europe ==
[[File:Tamga of Tiberius Julius Eupator.JPG|thumb|Tamga of the [[Bosporan Kingdom|Bosporan king]] [[Tiberius Julius Eupator]], crowned by two winged victories. The relief dates to the second century CE.]]
In Russia, the term ''tamga'' (''тамга'') survived in state institution of border customs, with associated cluster of terms: ''tamozhnya'' (''таможня'', customs), ''tamozhennik'' (''таможенник'', customs officer), ''rastamozhit''' (''растаможить'', pay customs duties), derived from the use of tamga as a certificate of state.

[[Polish heraldry]] includes the extensive use of horseshoes, arrows, [[Maltese cross]]es, scythes, stars and crescents as well as many purely geometrical shapes for which a separate set of heraldic terms was invented. It has been suggested that originally all [[List of Polish nobility coats of arms|Polish coats of arms]] were based on such abstract geometrical shapes, but most were gradually "rationalized" into horseshoes, arrows and so on. If this hypothesis is correct, it suggests in turn that [[Polish heraldry]], also unlike [[Western Europe]]an [[heraldry]], may be at least partly derived from tamgas. However, the evidence about the origins of the system is scanty, and this hypothesis has been criticized as being part of the [[Sarmatism|Polish noble tradition]] of romanticizing their supposed Sarmatian ancestry. On this matter, research and controversy continue.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

[[Columns of Gediminas]], an early coat of arms of Lithuania, may also be a tamga.

==Islamic empires==
[[File:Taj Mahal top of finial.jpg|thumb|Tamga of the [[Mughal Empire]] on top of the [[Taj Mahal]].]]

In the late medieval [[Turco-Mongol]] states, the term ''tamga'' became used for any kind of official stamp or seal. This usage persisted in the early modern Islamic Empires ([[Ottoman Empire]], [[Mughal Empire]]), and in some of their modern successor states.

In the [[Urdu]] language (which absorbed Turkic vocabulary), ''Tamgha'' is used as [[medal]]. [[Tamgha-i-Jurat]] is the 4th highest Military medal of [[Pakistan]]. It is admissible to all ranks for gallantry and distinguished services in combat. [[Tamgha-i-Imtiaz]] or Tamgha-e-Imtiaz ({{lang-ur|تمغہ امتیاز}}), which translates as the medal of excellence, is fourth highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. [[Tamgha-i-Khidmat]] or Tamgha-e-Khidmat ({{lang-ur|تمغۂ خدمت}}), which translates as the medal of services, is 7th highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. It is admissible to non commissioned officers other ranks for long meritorious or distinguished services of a non-operational nature.

In [[Egypt]], the term ''damgha'' ({{lang-ar|دمغة}}) or ''tamgha'' ({{lang|ar|تمغة}}) is still used in several contexts. The first is a tax or fee when dealing with the government. It is normally in the form of stamps that have to be purchased and affixed to most government form, be they a driver license, registration of a contact, any most other forms. The term is derived from the Ottoman [[damga resmi]]. The other is a stamp that every piece of jewelry made from gold or silver must have to ensure it is genuine, and not made of lesser metals.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Brook, Kevin Alan. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 2d ed. Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
*Christian, David. ''A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia.'' Blackwell, 1999.
*Franklin, Simon and Jonathan Shepard. ''The Emergence of Rus 750-1200.'' London: Longman, 1996.
*Pritsak, Omeljan. ''The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems.'' Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]], 1998.
* Yatsenko, S. A., Знаки-тамги ираноязычных народов древности и раннего средневековья ("Tamga-signs of Iranic-speaking peoples of antiquity and the early medieval period"), Восточная литература, Moscow (2001).
*H.B. Paksoy, '[http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0108/paksoy-identity_markers.html Identity Markers: Uran, Tamga, Dastan]', ''Transoxiana'' 8 (June 2004).
*Fetisov, A. ( trans. I. Galkova), '[http://www.patzinakia.com/STUDIAPATZINAKA/Number04/02-FetisovGalkova-Bident.pdf The "Rurikid sign" from the B3 church at Basarabi-Murfatlar'], ''Studia Patzinaka'', 4.1, 2007, 29-44.

==See also==
*[[Mon (emblem)]]
*[[Tughra]]
*[[Siglas poveiras]]
*[[House mark]]

[[Category:Turkish culture]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Archaeological artefact types]]
[[Category:Seals (insignia)]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Heraldic charges]]
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Mongolian words and phrases]]

Tamga - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "A '''tamga''' or '''tamgha''' "stamp, seal" ({{lang-mn|тамга}}, {{lang-otk|𐱃𐰢𐰍}} ''tamga''; {{lang-tr|damga}}) is an abstract seal or Seal (emblem)..."