Admin: Yeni sayfa: "Historical Transoxiana (to Northwest) '''Transoxiana''' (also spelled '''Transoxania'''), known in Arabic sources as '''{{transl|ar|ALA|Mā wa..."

2017-03-26T17:44:33Z

Yeni sayfa: "Historical Transoxiana (to Northwest) '''Transoxiana''' (also spelled '''Transoxania'''), known in Arabic sources as '''{{transl|ar|ALA|Mā wa..."

Yeni sayfa

[[Image:Amudaryamap.jpg|thumb|246px|Historical Transoxiana (to Northwest)]]

'''Transoxiana''' (also spelled '''Transoxania'''), known in Arabic sources as '''{{transl|ar|ALA|Mā warāʼ al-Nahr}}''' ({{Lang-ar|ما وراء النهر}} {{IPA-ar|ˈmaː waˈraːʔ anˈnahr}} – 'what [is] beyond the [Oxus] river') and in Persian as {{transl|fa|ALA|Farārūd}} ({{lang-fa|فرارود}}, {{IPA-fa|fæɾɒːɾuːd}}—'beyond the [Amudarya] river'), is the ancient name used for the portion of [[Central Asia]] corresponding approximately with modern-day [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], southern [[Kyrgyzstan]], and southwest [[Kazakhstan]]. Geographically, it is the region between the [[Amu Darya]] ({{lang-grc|Ώξος}} ''Ốxos'') and [[Syr Darya]] rivers.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica online</ref> The area had been known to the Romans as '''Transoxania''' (Land beyond the [[Oxus]]), to the Arabs as '''Mawarannahr''' (Land Beyond the River), and to the Iranians as '''[[Turan]]''', a term used in the Persian national epic [[Shahnameh]].<ref>Mapping Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present, Paula L.W. Sabloff, P.62</ref>

The region was one of the [[satrap]]ies of the [[Achaemenid dynasty]] of Persia under the name [[Sogdiana]]. Early Arab geographers named it "Bilād al-Turk" or "[[Turkestan]]," both of which mean 'the lands of the Turks'.<ref>Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia Cambridge University Press 2000 Page 25</ref>

==History==
[[File:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - tri-coloured figurine of a foreigner.jpg|thumb|A Chinese ''[[sancai]]'' ceramic statuette depicting a [[Sogdia]]n stableman, dated to the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618–907 AD)]]
The name '''Transoxiana''' stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of [[Alexander the Great]], who extended Greek culture into the region with his conquests of the 4th century [[BCE]]; Transoxiana was the most north-eastern point of the [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic culture]] until the [[Arab]] invasion. During the [[Sassanid Empire]], it was often called [[Sogdiana]], a provincial name taken from the [[Achaemenid Empire]], and used to distinguish it from nearby [[Bactria]].

The Chinese explorer [[Zhang Qian]], who visited the neighbouring countries of [[Bactria]] and [[Parthia]] along with Transoxiana in 126 BC, made the first known Chinese report on this region. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilisation that farmed grain and grapes, made silver coins and leather goods.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006 ''Silk Road, North China'', C. Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham (2007)]</ref> It was ruled successively by [[Seleucids]], [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], [[Parthian Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]] before Sassanid rule.

In [[Sassanid]] times, the region became a major cultural and scientific centre due to the wealth derived from the [[Northern Silk Road]]. Sassanid rule was interrupted by the [[Hephthalite]] invasion at the end of the 5th century and didn't return to the Sassanids until 565. Many Persian nobles and landlords escaped to this region after the Muslim invasion. Before the Muslim invasion it was also ruled by [[Göktürks]]. After that it was ruled by Tang China until the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Arab conquest]] between 705 and 715, the area became known as ''Mā warāʼ al-Nahr'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]], 'what is beyond the river'), sometimes rendered as "Mavarannahr."

Transoxiana's major cities and cultural centres are [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]]. Both are in the southern portion of Transoxiana, (though still to the north of the Amu Darya itself, on the river [[Zeravshan]]), and the majority of the region was dry but fertile plains. Both cities remained centres of Persian culture and civilisation after the [[Islamic conquest of Iran]], and played a crucial role in the revival of Persian culture with establishment of the [[Samanid dynasty]].

Part of this region was conquered by [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]] between 706 and 715 and loosely held by the [[Umayyads]] from 715 to 738. The conquest was consolidated by [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]] between 738 and 740, and continued under the control of the Umayyads until 750, when it was replaced by the [[Abbasids]]. The [[Tang dynasty]] also controlled the eastern part of the region until about the same time, when a [[civil war]] known as the [[An Lushan Rebellion]] occurred.

[[Genghis Khan]], founder of the [[Mongol Empire]], invaded Transoxiana in 1219 during his conquest of [[Khwarezm]]. Before his death in 1227, he assigned the lands of Western Central Asia to his second son [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], and this region became known as the [[Chagatai Khanate]]. In 1369, [[Timur]], of the [[Barlas]] tribe, became the effective ruler and made [[Samarkand]] the capital of [[Timurid Empire|his future empire]]. Transoxiana was known to be flourishing in the mid-14th century.<ref>[http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html The Timurid Empire]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Greater Khorasan]]
* [[Khwarezm]]
* [[Turan]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Central Asia]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]

Transoxiana - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "Historical Transoxiana (to Northwest) '''Transoxiana''' (also spelled '''Transoxania'''), known in Arabic sources as '''{{transl|ar|ALA|Mā wa..."