http://www.ekizceliler.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jalairs&feed=atom&action=historyJalairs - Değişiklik geçmişi2024-03-28T14:23:35ZViki üzerindeki bu sayfanın değişiklik geçmişi.MediaWiki 1.26.4http://www.ekizceliler.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jalairs&diff=494&oldid=prevAdmin: Yeni sayfa: "{{for|places in Iran|Jalayer (disambiguation)}} {{History of Mongolia}} '''Jalair''' ({{lang-mn|Жалайр}}/Jalair; ,also '''Djalair''' (~ '''Yyalair'''), '''Jalair''' ) is one o..."2017-03-26T19:34:14Z<p>Yeni sayfa: "{{for|places in Iran|Jalayer (disambiguation)}} {{History of Mongolia}} '''Jalair''' ({{lang-mn|Жалайр}}/Jalair; ,also '''Djalair''' (~ '''Yyalair'''), '''Jalair''' ) is one o..."</p>
<p><b>Yeni sayfa</b></p><div>{{for|places in Iran|Jalayer (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{History of Mongolia}}<br />
'''Jalair''' ({{lang-mn|Жалайр}}/Jalair; ,also '''Djalair''' (~ '''Yyalair'''), '''Jalair''' ) is one of the [[Darliqin]] [[Mongol]] tribes according to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]]'s [[Jami' al-tawarikh]]. They lived along the [[Shilka River]] in modern [[Zabaykalsky Krai]] of [[Russia]].<ref name="HM">History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003</ref> After the Mongol conquest in the 13th century many Jalairs spread over Central Asia and the Middle East. Jalairs are one of the founding tribes of [[Mongolia]]'s largest ethnic group [[Khalkha]]. Smaller clans named Jalayir are also found among the Inner Mongolians in China. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules of [[Genghis Khan]]'s older sons' descendants eventually adopted [[Turkic language]]. They are found among the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]s of the [[Great jüz]]; also they are found among the [[Uzbeks]] (especially among Uzbeks of Southern [[Tajikistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]), [[Karakalpaks]], and the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]. The Jalairs who went to Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan found the [[Jalairid Sultanate]] in 1330. The state was then taken over by the "Black sheep" Turks or [[Kara Koyunlu]] in 1432. Smaller numbers of powerful Jalair families lived in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Iran]] as well as in the [[Mughal Empire]] until the 19th century.<br />
<br />
==Ethnic origin theory==<br />
"The term Jalair (~ ''Yyalair'') can be the Mongolian version of the Turkic name for the "dynastic" tribe of the Second Uigur Kaganate (758-843): '''Yaglakar''' ~ ''yağla er'' (''Anointed sovereign'', Turkic ''ya:ğ'' "oil"). Yaglakar (Ch. 藥羅葛/药罗葛 Yaoluoge) was the royal tribe of the [[Tiele people|Tele]] Uigur On-Uigur Toquz Oγuz "ten Uigur tribes in the Tokuz-Oguz confederation".<ref>Zuev Yu.A., ''"Early Turks: Essays on history and ideology"'', pp. 104-105</ref><br />
<br />
==Early history==<br />
[[File:Mongol Empire c.1207.png|thumb|[[Mongol Empire]] c.1207]]<br />
<br />
The Jalair might be the Chaladi who were recorded in [[China|Chinese]] sources of 910. The Jalairs revolted against the [[Khitan Empire|Khitan rule]] in 1014. Subsequently, they were suppressed by the Khitans in the next year. Then the Jalayirs turned to the Mongol tribe and defeated the [[Borjigin]]s utterly. But [[Khaidu (ruler)|Khaidu]] of the Borjigin conquered and dispersed them among Mongol tribes around 1060.<br />
<br />
The Jalair was one of the three core tribes in [[Khamag Mongol]] confederation in the 12th century. The Jalairs such as [[Muqali|Mukhulai]] helped [[Genghis Khan]] to found his Empire. During the Mongol invasion of [[Khorazm]] in 1219-1223, Muqali campaigned in [[North China]] as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceory. The Jalairs served under [[Great Khan]]s as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalair Moqe [[noyan]] to his son [[Chagatai Khan]] in [[Turkestan]]. And a body of the Jalair settled in [[Golden Horde]].<br />
<br />
==Medieval Jalairs==<br />
{{See also|Muqali|Gegeen Khan|Hasan Buzurg|Jalairid Sultanate}}<br />
When [[Möngke Khan]] ordered [[Hulagu]] (Alaghu) to conquer the [[Abbasid caliphate]], the [[Ayyubids]] in [[Syria]] and the [[Mamluks]] in [[Egypt]] in 1252, the Jalairs prepared strong military contingent. Their commander Kok-Elege participated [[siege]]s of [[Iran|Persian]] and [[Arab]] fortresses from 1256–1261 and the battle against [[Berke]]'s commander [[Nogai Khan]] in 1262.<br />
<br />
Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of the mainstays of [[Confucian]] influence in Kublaid [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368). The Jalairs were close to Great Khans in China and Il-khans in [[Iran]]. In [[Il-khanate]], Jalair [[Buqa]] revolted against [[Tekuder]] Khan and installed Hulagu's grandson [[Arghun]] in 1284. But his [[coup]] was revealed and executed by his protégé later. After the death of [[Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur|Qazan Khan]] (r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under the control of nomadic Turco-Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, the [[Barlas]] in the centre, the [[Qaraunas]] and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and the [[Dughlat]]s in the east. Meanwhile, [[Hasan Buzurg]] established [[Jalayirids|Jalayirid Dynasty]] and tried to reunite [[Turco-Mongol]] states in the name of his puppet khans in [[Iraq]] and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after the death of [[Il-khan]] [[Arpa Ke'un]] in 1336. When [[Tamerlane]] ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty of [[Ahmad (Jalayirids)|Ahmad]] (1383–1410), [[Central Asia]]n Jalairs were one of main clans in both [[Timurid Empire]] and [[Moghulistan]]. The Jalairids in Persia were finally overthrown by [[Kara Koyunlu]] [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] in 1432. But the Jalayirs in [[Central Asia]] were active for two more centuries.<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, the Jalairs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of the 14 clans of [[Khalkha]] tumen and [[Dayan Khan]]'s son Gersenj was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid).<br />
<br />
==Modern Jalairs==<br />
<br />
===Mongolia===<br />
Jalairs are part of the [[Khalkha]] people of [[Mongolia]]. In the present China, Jalairs are a clan and a [[banner]] in the [[Jirim]] and [[Ordos Mongols|Ordos]] Leagues, and [[Chahar Mongols|Chahar]] of [[Inner Mongolia]].<br />
<br />
===Iran===<br />
[[Timur]] brought 400 Jalair families to [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. They live in [[Kalat-i-nadiri]].<br />
Until end of the 19th century, [[Kalat-i-nadiri]] had its own hereditary chief of Jalayir tribe, who held the fortress as feudatories of [[Persia]].<ref>Yate, Khurasan and Sistan, p.157</ref> Under [[Nader Shah Afshar]], Jalayirs rose to power and held important official positions within Persian government and military:<br />
<br />
*[[Qasem Ali Khan Jalayir]] - military commander during reign of [[Nader Shah Afshar]].<br />
*[[Subedar Khan Jalayir]] - military commander during reign of [[Nader Shah Afshar]].<br />
*[[Zal Khan Jalayir]] - military commander during reign of [[Shahrukh Afshar]].<ref>http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-2dfb266477ab4090b6f5ca084141a7dc-fa.html</ref><br />
<br />
Hereditary rulers of [[Kalat-i-nadiri]]:<br />
*[[Tahmasp Qoli Khan Jalayir]] - vizier and military commander during reign of [[Nader Shah Afshar]].<br />
*[[Yousef Ali Khan Jalayir]] - vizier and military commander during reign of [[Shahrukh Afshar]].<br />
*Fath Ali Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nomadictourism.blogfa.com/post-86.aspx|title=بوی کوچ، بوی سفر، بوی راه|work=blogfa.com}}</ref><br />
*Yalangtush Khan I (d.1826) - son of Fath Ali Khan, during the reign of [[Fath Ali Shah Qajar]]<br />
*Sayd Mohammad Khan - son of Fath Ali Khan and brother to Yalangtush Khan I, during the reign of [[Fath Ali Shah Qajar]]<br />
*son of Yalangtush Khan (d.1883)<br />
*Yalangtush Khan II (reigned from 1883–1885)<br />
<br />
===India===<br />
There were Jalairs who served in [[Mughal Empire]] as officials.<br />
<br />
===Former USSR===<br />
Today Jalayir clans are a member of the [[Great jüz|Senior Jüz]] tribal union in [[Kazakhstan]], they also are part of [[Uzbeks]], [[Karakalpaks]], and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyzes]].<br />
<br />
==== Jalair tribe in the Kazakh people ====<br />
From ancient times, Jalair tribe (''[[:kk:Жалайыр|Жалайыр]]'' in Kazakh Cyrillics) is one of the major Kazakh tribes, in Kazakhstan Jalayir population numbers about 700,000, Jalairs belong to the Kazakh [[Great jüz|Senior Juz]], they live mostly in the north, north-east and in the middle part of Kazakhstan, such as Saryarka<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1102|title=Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|work=unesco.org|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> region, [[Karagandy Province|Karagandy province]], [[Akmola Province|Akmola province]], and [[East Kazakhstan Province|east Kazakhstan province]]. Jalairs also are a part of few Kazakh populations in Uzbekistan and Russia (see the Jalair tribe of Kazakh people - from Wikipedia Jalair introduction in [[:kk:Жалайыр|Kazakh language]]).<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
* Christopher P. Atwood - ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'' ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3, Facts on File, Inc. 2004.<br />
* The Chinese government. By William Frederick Mayers, George Macdonald Home Playfair. Published by Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1886.<br />
* René Grousset "The Empire of the Steppes - a History of Central Asia" ISBN 0-8135-0627-1, Rutgers University Press, 6th paperback edition, 1999<br />
*Zuev Yu.A., ''Early Turks: Essays on history and ideology'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, (In Russian), {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}<br />
<br />
{{Mongol Yastan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalayir}}<br />
<!--Categories--><br />
[[Category:History of Mongolia]]<br />
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Darlikin Mongols]]<br />
[[Category:Jalayirids| ]]</div>Admin