http://www.ekizceliler.com/wiki/index.php?title=Kitbuqa&feed=atom&action=historyKitbuqa - Değişiklik geçmişi2024-03-28T13:27:07ZViki üzerindeki bu sayfanın değişiklik geçmişi.MediaWiki 1.26.4http://www.ekizceliler.com/wiki/index.php?title=Kitbuqa&diff=479&oldid=prevAdmin: Yeni sayfa: "{{about|Kitbuqa Noyan|the Sultan of Egypt|al-Adil Kitbugha|other uses}} '''Kitbuqa Noyan''' ({{lang-mn|Хитбух}}; {{lang-kz|Кетбұға Жырау}}; died 1260) was a Nes..."2017-03-26T19:25:19Z<p>Yeni sayfa: "{{about|Kitbuqa Noyan|the Sultan of Egypt|al-Adil Kitbugha|other uses}} '''Kitbuqa Noyan''' ({{lang-mn|Хитбух}}; {{lang-kz|Кетбұға Жырау}}; died 1260) was a Nes..."</p>
<p><b>Yeni sayfa</b></p><div>{{about|Kitbuqa Noyan|the Sultan of Egypt|al-Adil Kitbugha|other uses}}<br />
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'''Kitbuqa Noyan''' ({{lang-mn|Хитбух}}; {{lang-kz|Кетбұға Жырау}}; died 1260) was a [[Nestorian Christian]] of the [[Naimans|Turkic Naiman tribe]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |author=René Grousset |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1970 |pages=361 &amp; 363 |isbn=0-8135-1304-9}}</ref> a group that was subservient to the [[Mongol Empire]]. He was a [[lieutenant]] and confidant of the Mongol Ilkhan [[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]], assisting him in his conquests in the Middle East. When Hulagu took the bulk of his forces back with him to attend a ceremony in Mongolia, Kitbuqa was left in control of Syria, and was responsible for further Mongol raids southwards towards Egypt. He was killed at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260.<br />
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==Biography==<br />
[[File:Siège de Sidon (1260).jpeg|thumb|Siege of [[Sidon]]: Kitbuqa vs. [[Julian Grenier]] in 1260. From [[Hayton of Corycus]], ''Fleur des histoires d'orient''.]]<br />
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In 1252, [[Möngke Khan]] ordered Kitbuqa to battle the fortresses of the [[Ismaili]] [[Nizaris]]. He advanced with Hulagu into western Persia, mounting a series of sieges, and commanded one of the flanks that [[Battle of Baghdad (1258)|sacked Baghdad]], before assisting in the conquest of [[Damascus]] in 1260.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200704/history.s.hinge.ain.jalut.htm |title=Saudi Aramco World "The Battle of Ain Jalut" |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-26}}</ref><ref>Grousset, p.581</ref><ref name=runciman-307>"On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets", Runciman, p.307</ref> Historical accounts, quoting from the writings of the medieval historian [[Templar of Tyre]], would often describe the three Christian rulers ([[Hetoum I of Armenia]], [[Bohemond VI of Antioch]], and Kitbuqa) entering the city of Damascus together in triumph,<ref name=runciman-307/><ref>Grousset, p.588</ref> though modern historians have characterized this story as [[apocryphal]].<ref>David Morgan, ''The Mongols'' (2nd ed.)</ref><ref>Peter Jackson, "Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260," ''English Historical Review 376 (1980) 486</ref><ref>"While this report cannot be taken literally, it may contain a grain of truth. Armenian troops were part of Ketbuqa's force, while some time during the Mongol occupation Bohemond visited [[Baalbek]] and even intended to ask Hulegu for possession of the town. (...) If this prince reached as far as Baalbek, it is most probable that he also passed through Damascus." De Reuven Amitai-Preiss, "Mongols and Mamluks", p.31</ref><br />
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When Hulagu Khan withdrew his forces, responding to internal events in the Mongol Empire (the death of Hulagu's brother, the Great [[Möngke Khan]]), Kitbuqa was left in charge of the Mongol army remaining in the Middle East:<br />
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{{quote|"Kitbuqa, who had been left by Hulagu in Syria and Palestine, held the Land in peace and in state of rest. And he greatly loved and honoured the Christians because he was of the lineage of the Three Kings of Orient who came to Bethlehem to adore the nativity of Our Lord. Kitbuqa worked at recovering the Holy Land"|Monk [[Hayton of Corycus|Hayton]], ''La flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient'' (1307).<ref>in Charles Kohler (ed.), ''Recueil des historiens des croisades, Document Arméniens'', tome II, Paris, 1906; quoted in Ugo Monneret de Villard, ''Le leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici'', Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1952, p.162. Quoted in "Histoire des Croisades III", René Grousset, p.593; Nam ipse fuerat de progenie trium regum, qui uenerunt natiuitatem domini adorare (For he was a descendant of the Three Kings who came to the Nativity to adore the Lord). [https://books.google.com/books?id=x9tEAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Simon Grynaeus Johannes Huttichius, ''Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum,'' Basel, 1532, caput XXX, ''De Cobila Can quinto Imperatore Tartarorum '', p.445.]</ref>}}<br />
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==Battle of Ain Jalut==<br />
In command of a force including 10,000 Mongol troops, Kitbuqa attempted to continue the Mongol advance towards [[Egypt]]. However, the Mamluks had negotiated a passive truce with the [[Crusade]]rs, allowing the Mamluks to advance northwards through Crusader territory, and camp for resupply near the Crusader stronghold of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. In this way, the Mamluks were able to engage the depleted Mongol army near [[Galilee]], at the pivotal [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] (spring of [[Goliath]]). The Mongols were defeated, and Kitbuqa was slaughtered at the hands of veteran [[Mamluk]] [[Jamal al-Din Akoush al-Shamsy]].<br />
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Mamluk histories speak of Kitbuqa with respect, painting him as a great warrior who refused to retreat when the Mongols were clearly being overpowered at Ain Jalut, and who favored death in battle over retreat and shame. It was expected that Kitbuqa's death would be avenged by Hulagu, but an internal conflict between Hulagu and his cousin [[Berke]] of the Mongol [[Golden Horde]] prevented this from happening. Kitbuqa's death and the defeat of the Mongols at Ain Jalut marked the beginning of the end for the Westward expansion of the Mongol Empire. It was the first occasion they had been decisively defeated and failed to avenge such a loss, though the Mongols continued to invade Syria, Japan, India, Hungary, Poland and Southeast Asia for the next several decades.<ref>[[Reuven Amitai|Amitai-Preiss, Reuven]]. ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281'' (first edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}<br />
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[[Category:1260 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Mongol Empire Christians]]<br />
[[Category:Generals of the Mongol Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Nestorians]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century soldiers]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel killed in action]]</div>Admin